Q. Which of the following is true of the anatomical position?
(A) The humerus
is proximal to the scapula.
(B) The radius
is medial to the ulna.
(C) The
vertebral arch is ventral to the vertebral body.
(D) The femur is
superior to the fi bula.
(E) The phalanges of
the foot are cranial to the metatarsals
Ans: The answer is D:
The femur is
superior to the fibula. In theanatomical position, a person
is standing erect, facing anterior(forward), with the upper limbs by the sides,
the palms facing anterior, the lower limbs placed together with the soles on
the ground, and the toes pointing anterior. In this position, the thigh is
superior to (above) the lower leg. Thus, the femur is superior to both the
tibia and fi bula. Choice A (The humerus is proximal to the scapula) is
incorrect. The humerus hangs from the lateral corner of the scapula; thus, it
is lateral and inferior to the scapula. The humerus also may be described as
distal to the scapula because it is further away from the attachment of the
upper limb to the trunk. Choice B (Theradius is medial
to the ulna) is incorrect. The radius is the bone in the forearm located
further away from the midline. Therefore, the
radius is located lateral to the ulna. Choice C (The vertebral arch is
ventral to the vertebral body) is incorrect.
The vertebral
arch, which is composed of the paired pedicles and laminae, is located dorsal
(posterior; behind) to the body of the vertebra. Choice E (The phalanges
of the foot are cranial to the metatarsals) is incorrect. The phalanges (toes)
are positioned anterior to (or in front of) the metatarsals, which are located
in the body of the foot. The phalanges also can be
described as being distal to the metatarsals in that they are further away from
the attachment/origin of the foot.
Q. A radiologist wishes to image the body in a plane parallel to both
scapulae. Which of the following choices best describes the desired sectioning?
(A) Horizontal
section
(B) Transverse
section
(C) Frontal
section
(D) Sagittal
section
(E) Oblique section
The answer is C: Frontal section.
The scapulae
(shoulder blades) lie across the back. An imaging plane passing parallel
to both these
bones divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts. A frontal
(coronal) section divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
portions.
It runs
perpendicular to the median and horizontal planes. Choice A (Horizontal
section) is incorrect. A horizontal section passes at right angles to both the
median and coronal planes, dividing
the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts. Choice B (Transverse
section) is incorrect. A transverse section (cross section) passes
perpendicular to the long axis of
a structure. While often the same as a horizontal section, it is not always
equivalent. For example, a transverse section through the foot is equivalent to
a coronal (frontal) section, dividing the foot into anterior and posterior parts.
However, a horizontal section of the foot divides it into superior and inferior
parts, as shown in the given illustration. Choice D (Sagittal section)
is incorrect. A sagittal section runs parallel to the median plane of the body,
dividing it into unequal right and left parts. Choice E (Oblique
section) is incorrect. Oblique sections run at offset angles from the median,
coronal, and horizontal
planes. Horizontal sections of the abdomen produce mostly oblique (not
transverse) sections of the small intestine because of the coiled nature of the
bowel.
Q.Screwing in movement of forearm is?
(A) Flexion
(B) Abduction
(C) Pronation
(D) Adduction
(E) Supination
The answer is E:
Supination.
The screw-home
movement is the clockwise motion that drives a screw into its receptacle,
in this case the
bulb into the socket. When using the right hand, the palm and forearm turn
laterally and the palm moves from facing posterior to facing anterior, which is
supination. Choice A (Flexion)
is incorrect. Flexion is the action of decreasing the angle between parts while
moving through the median or sagittal planes. Choice B (Abduction) is incorrect. Abduction refers
to movements going away from the midline in the coronal plane. Choice C (Pronation)
is incorrect. Pronation is the opposite of supination. When pronating the right hand, the palm
and forearm turn medially so that the palm moves from facing anterior to facing
posterior. In this case, right-handed pronation is a counter-clockwise movement that would
unscrew the light bulb. However, when using the left hand, pronation produces
the screw-home movement. Choice D (Adduction) is incorrect. Adduction
refers to movements going toward the midline in the coronal plane.
Source: lipincotts illustrated anatomy and embryology
